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9/11 Memorial Pools – An In Depth Look at The Two Reflecting Pools

On the 20th anniversary of the September 11th attacks, we look at the two pools and Delta Fountains, the pool builders behind the 9/11 Memorial.

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9/11 Memorial Pools - A Look at the Reflecting Pools

As the 20th anniversary of the attacks on September 11th approach, we take a moment to look at the 9/11 Memorial and the two reflecting pools that mark the footprint of where the Twin Towers once stood.

We are now looking back at a point in history that occurred before approximately 28.5% of Americans were ever even born. There are many memorials for the victims of 9/11, but none clearly encapsulate the raw emotions of absence the way the 9/11 Memorial does.

A look at the two reflecting pools at the 9/11 Memorial

Two reflecting pools mark the exact place of the World Trade Center and stand as a permanent place of remembrance. Both pools commemorate the names of nearly 3,000 killed in the attacks on September 11, 2001 and the World Trade Center bombing of February 26, 1993. Each of the victims names are inscribed on bronze parapets surrounding both of the memorial pools.

The two pools at the 9/11 Memorial have attracted millions of visitors each year since it first opened.
The two pools at the 9/11 Memorial have attracted millions of visitors each year since it first opened.

It’s hard to believe that two decades have gone by since the day happened that would forever change the course of our modern history. 9/11 is a moment in time that will live in as much infamy as December 7th (the attack on Pearl Habor), perhaps even more so in our generation. September 11th is important to people, and the memorial embodies what it means not only to New Yorkers who were first-hand witnesses, but to Americans who watched the events of September 11th unfold live on television.

The mourning and sorrow the nation still feels even twenty years later is evident in the amount of visitors the 9/11 Memorial draws each year. The memorial site was built to remember the victims as well as those involved in the rescue and recovery efforts.

‘Reflecting Abscence’ – The 9/11 Memorial Pools Commemorating The Victims of the September 11th Attacks

Why did they choose reflecting pools for the memorial site?

Tracing their roots back to the ancient Persian gardens, reflecting pools have been a time honored traditional memorial structure and a water feature typically found in gardens and parks. One of the most iconic reflecting pools is at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. Most reflecting pools are shallow vessels and can range in size from as small as a bird bath to as large as a major civic center water feature like the one found at the 9/11 memorial site.

The 9/11 Memorial Design Competition

An open competition for designing the memorial site drew 5,201 entries from 63 countries. The thirteen-member jury chose eight finalists on November 19, 2003.

At a press conference held at Federal Hall National Memorial on January 14, 2004, the final design for the 9/11 memorial was revealed to the public. Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects and landscape architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners concept ‘Reflecting Absence‘ was chosen as the winning design. Their design consisted of a forest with two large, recessed pools that represent the Twin Towers’ footprints.

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Landscaping of the 9/11 Memorial plaza was done by Peter Walker & Partners Landscape Architecture
Photo Credit: Peter Walker and Partners Landscape Architecture

The deciduous trees (swamp white oaks) form informal clusters, clearings, and groves when arranged in rows. The park is located above the Memorial Museum, at street level. The names of the victims of the attacks (including those from the Pentagon, American Airlines Flight 77, United Airlines Flight 93, and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing) are inscribed on the parapets surrounding the waterfalls.

‘Reflecting Absence’ stands in the footprints of the Twin Towers

‘Reflecting Absence’ consists of two 1-acre pools. The structures are the largest man-made waterfalls in the United States. Both pools symbolize the loss of life and the physical void left by the attacks. The dual waterfalls are meant to drown out the sounds of the city, and create a peaceful haven of remembrance for what was lost.

The names of the victims of the September 11th attacks are engraved into 152 bronze parapets on the North & South pools.
The names of the victims of the September 11th attacks are engraved into 152 bronze parapets on the North & South pools.

Remembering those who were lost

On 152 bronze parapets on the memorial pools, the names of 2,983 victims are inscribed: 2,977 killed in the September 11 attacks and six killed in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

North Pool & South Pool name layouts for the 9/11 Memorial
North Pool & South Pool name layouts for the 9/11 Memorial – Photo Credit: 9/11 Memorial & Museum

The two reflecting pools at the 9/11 Memorial

The North and South Fountains at the 9/11 Memorial have combined recirculating systems that pump up to 26,000 gallons of water per minute non-stop every day of the year. The water flows over the memorial’s two deep reflecting pools’ walls before being recirculated into catch basins.

The September 11 Memorial utilizes a method of keeping water constantly flowing from a 30-foot drop regardless of the weather New York City gets. The pool is engineered in such a way so that it’s reflective qualities and the sound of falling water remain consistent through the changing seasons.

Both the North & South pools have a 30 foot waterfall.
Both the North & South pools have a 30 foot waterfall.

The Builders of The 9/11 Memorial

You may not know this, but Delta Fountains are the pool builders responsible for building the 9/11 Memorial pools. Joe Petry, President of Delta Fountains said the company has done architectural and floating fountain designs for universities, police memorials, parks and more. They are also the firm behind the Oklahoma City memorial reflecting pool, built in honor of the lives lost on April 19, 1995 and the memorial at the Pentagon. Delta collaborated on the project with Siemens for the automation, pump and flow controls. Dan Euser of Waterarchitecture also worked on the project as well

Joe Petry – President of Delta Fountains, the pool builders behind the 9/11 memorial pools – Photo Credit: Jacksonville.com

Challenges in Engineering

There were more than a few challenging engineering feats Delta had to achieve in order to build the pools for the 9/11 memorial site. The weir structure they devised had specific requirements, one was the ability to easily adjust and level water flow to within 1/16th inch over 1400 linear feet.

The 9/11 Memorial took ten years of planning and building before it was completed in 2011.
The 9/11 Memorial took ten years of planning and building before it was completed in 2011.

Another challenge for Delta was avoiding dry spots. Engineers accomplished this thanks to integral-design adjustability which allows for constant expansion and contraction of adhesive materials while still maintaining structural integrity. They devised a method of adding ribs which helped to prevent buckling and allowed field welding.

16 pumps to blast an impressive 26,000 gallons a minute over the 30-foot deep black granite walls of the 9/11 memorial
16 pumps blast an impressive 26,000 gallons a minute over the 30-foot deep black granite walls of the 9/11 memorial

How the reflecting pools are controlled and maintained

By far one of the most impressive aspects to these two reflective pools is the sophisticated smart chemical filtration system they use. The system is able to anticipate and react to New York’s inclimate weather conditions on the fly.

Chief Engineer – Anthony LoCasto, says it takes a crew of three men to clean the pools 5 nights a week and roughly 8 hours to clean, vaccuum and brush each of the memorial pools.

Watch the maintenance crew caring for the pool at the 9/11 memorial site.

Both of the pools utilize a total of 16 pumps to circulate 26,000 gallons of water each minute. The system is responsible for circulating over 480,000 gallons of recycled water.

There is also a cutting-edge networked control management system which effectively monitors over a thousand different data points about the pools to maintenance personnel, making it one of the smartest pools on the planet.

White Rose displayed above one of the victims names. – Photo Credit: Rudy Stankowitz

The maintenance crews perform goes far beyond simply maintaining the pools; displaying a reverence for the victims with gestures of remembrance. One of their duties is placing a white rose on top of each victim’s name who has a birthday each day before the memorial opens to the general public.

The project, which also includes an underground museum that utilizes parts of the fallen towers, had a budget of $610 million and offically opened to the public on September 12, 2011; ten years and one day after the September 11th attacks.

Watch a time lapse of “How the 9/11 Memorial Was Built“. We hope you’ve enjoyed this article on learning what role folks in the pool industry had in creating the September 11 memorial. If you think it’s important to share the story, please do so. Feel free to make a donation to the 9/11 Memorial & Museum who are preserving the history of the events of September 11th for future generations to come.

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Editor in Chief of Pool Magazine - Joe Trusty is also CEO of PoolMarketing.com, the leading digital agency for the pool industry. An internet entrepreneur, software developer, author, and marketing professional with a long history in the pool industry. Joe oversees the writing and creative staff at Pool Magazine. To contact Joe Trusty email [email protected] or call (916) 467-9118 during normal business hours. For submissions, please send your message to [email protected]

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Industry News

Pool & Hot Tub Alliance Leads Third Annual Day On The Hill

Pool, spa, and hot tub industry representatives met with members of U.S. Congress

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Pool & Hot Tub Alliance Leads Third Annual Day On The Hill - Pool, spa, and hot tub industry representatives met with members of U.S. Congress

(Alexandria, Va.) — The Pool & Hot Tub Alliance (PHTA), the trade association representing the swimming pool, hot tub, and spa industry, this week hosted the third annual PHTA Day on the Hill. Association members were invited to Washington, DC, to engage with policymakers and advocate for the interests and growth of the industry.

PHTA members and staff met with more than 70 Congressional offices while onsite at the U.S. Capitol, where they discussed water safety, workforce development, small business support, and other key issues that are impacting the pool, spa, and hot tub industry. PHTA and its federal lobbyist firm DCLRS prepared a number of leave-behinds that highlight the positive effect the industry has on the U.S. economy, safety measures and standards, and other areas.

“The annual Day on the Hill is an incredible opportunity for PHTA members to show a united front on the issues that have the most impact on the pool, spa, and hot tub industry,” says PHTA Chairwoman of the Board Donna Williams, Vice President of Field Implementation at POOLCORP. “Whether it’s advocating for water safety and drowning prevention to help more Americans safely enjoy water or discussing how proposed regulations will affect the business climate, our voices can do an enormous amount of good on behalf of the entire industry.”

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Donna Williams addressing policy makers in Washington, DC on PHTA’s annual Day on the Hill

Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL-25), who is the sponsor of the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Reauthorization Act (VGBA), spoke to the nearly 50 PHTA members in attendance about the importance of water safety and the need for continued advocacy and awareness-raising.

“PHTA Day on the Hill is truly a special event that motivates and energizes attendees by showing the power we have to influence change at the federal level,” says Justin Wiley, PHTA Vice President of Government Relations, Standards, and Codes. “One of PHTA’s core pillars is to improve the business environment by advocating and promoting the benefits of the pool, spa, and hot tub industry. Day on the Hill provides PHTA members an amazing opportunity to help the association fulfill that mission.”

In addition to meetings with Congresspeople and their staffers, PHTA Day on the Hill included a tour of Capitol Hill and speeches from Sabeena Hickman, CAE, PHTA President and CEO, and Olympic Gold Medalist Rowdy Gaines, PHTA Vice President of Partnerships and Development. Attendees also met with appointees from the U.S. Department of Energy.

Click here to see photos from PHTA Day on the Hill. For more information on PHTA’s advocacy mission, visitwww.phta.org/advocacy.

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About the Pool & Hot Tub Alliance
The Pool & Hot Tub Alliance (PHTA), a non-profit organization with 4,000 members from around the world, was established in 1956 to support, promote, and protect the common interests of the $62B pool, hot tub, and spa industry. PHTA provides education, advocacy, standards development, research, and market growth initiatives to increase our members’ professionalism, knowledge, and profitability. Additionally, PHTA promotes the use of pools by expanding swimming, water safety, and related research and outreach activities aimed at introducing more people to swimming, making swimming environments safer, and keeping pools open to serve communities. For more information, visit www.phta.org.

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Contractors and Builders

A Series of Bad Bills Puts Florida Pool Industry in Jeopardy

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A Series of Bad Bills Puts Florida Pool Industry in Jeopardy

The Florida pool industry is under siege from a flurry of dangerous legislative proposals threatening to dismantle vital protections that contractors and consumers have relied on for decades. In a recent episode of the Pool Magazine Podcast, Dallas Thiesen, Chief Government Relations Officer for the Florida Swimming Pool Association (FSPA), gave an in-depth look at the mounting challenges facing the industry.

FSPA Successfully Defends Against SB 712

Earlier this week, Pool Magazine reported on a troubling amendment to Senate Bill 712 (SB 712), which proposed allowing general contractors and building contractors to construct the wet deck areas around swimming pools. The FSPA quickly mobilized, identifying the threat hidden deep within the amendment’s language and taking decisive action.

“This was not something that was being put forward by a group of building contractors beating down the halls in Tallahassee saying, ‘Hey, we need this, we want this,'” Thiesen explained. “This was a single constituent issue by a single representative, and there was no constituency for this. It was unwarranted, unasked for, and we could not just stand by and let this happen.”

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Traditionally, wet deck construction falls strictly under the expertise of licensed pool contractors, who are trained to adhere to stringent safety standards. Expanding that scope to general and building contractors would have dramatically altered the landscape of pool construction in Florida, potentially jeopardizing public safety.

“Essentially, you’d be letting general contractors and building contractors who are not qualified to build swimming pools build a good portion of the structural components,” said Thiesen. “And we just could not let that happen.”

Through rapid lobbying efforts and grassroots mobilization, FSPA was able to have the harmful language stripped from SB 712. Amendments were filed in both the Senate and House to remove the provision, and ultimately, the industry celebrated a hard-fought victory.

But the win was short-lived.

Right on the heels of defeating the SB 712 amendment, another, even more alarming bill emerged: House Bill 991 (HB 991).

The Bigger Threat: House Bill 991

“What this language does is not just get rid of the Construction Industry Licensing Board,” Thiesen cautioned. “It would get rid of every single licensure board under the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) in Florida.”

Bill Proposes Elimination of Construction Industry Licensing Board (CILB)

The scope of HB 991 is staggering. It proposes the elimination of oversight boards for 32 different licensed professions. This not only includes pool contractors but also engineers, realtors, veterinarians, harbor pilots, and many other professions. For the pool industry specifically, the abolition of the Construction Industry Licensing Board (CILB) would devastate contractor accountability and consumer protection.

“The CILB oversees the licensure of contractors in Florida and handles complaints and discipline,” Thiesen said. “If you eliminate the board, you take away that avenue for transparency and accountability. All licensing and discipline decisions would be made by bureaucratic staff. These people are not contractors or subject matter experts.”

Currently, the CILB provides an essential layer of protection for both licensed contractors and consumers. Its members, appointed by the governor, are practicing professionals who understand the nuances of the industry. Thiesen emphasized how crucial their experience is.

“The irony of a licensing board is that they have very limited jurisdiction over those who aren’t licensed,” he noted. “When a close call comes up, the board often grants licensure to someone so that they can supervise them rather than leave them unlicensed and outside regulatory reach. Without that flexibility, you risk pushing more people into unlicensed activity.”

Contractor Continuing Education on the Firing Line

The potential consequences extend beyond licensing alone. HB 991 also proposes eliminating the continuing education (CE) requirements that have been mandatory for Florida contractors since the aftermath of Hurricane Andrew in 1992.

“Prior to Hurricane Andrew, there was no continuing education required,” Thiesen explained. “It was in the aftermath of that disaster that the legislature said, ‘We need contractors to engage in ongoing education to renew their licenses.'”

Why is Continuing Education Necessary?

Today, contractors must complete 14 hours of continuing education every two years to stay current on crucial changes in the Florida Building Code and best practices in construction. Without CE, Thiesen warned, outdated construction methods could proliferate, putting homeowners at risk.

“Every three years, our building code turns over,” he said. “Contractors need this education to understand updates to building standards, insurance practices, business operations, and more. Otherwise, you have people building to outdated standards, and you’re going to see subpar construction.”

Beyond training contractors, the CE requirement also applies to building officials and engineers. Eliminating it could create major practical problems during plan reviews and inspections, where officials and contractors might be referencing different versions of the code.

“Time is money in construction,” Thiesen emphasized. “If you slow down a permit by a month because of misunderstandings, that’s time the contractor isn’t working — and it costs their clients money.”

Closing the CILB and ending CE could cause confusion throughout the Florida Pool industry.
Closing the CILB and ending CE could cause confusion throughout the Florida pool industry.

Despite arguments from HB 991 proponents that deregulation reduces red tape and makes it easier to do business, Thiesen offered a stark rebuttal.

“If the state is going to be involved in licensing and setting minimum standards, then we should at a minimum require education to renew your license,” he said. “We shouldn’t legislate to the lowest common denominator.”

The broader philosophical push behind HB 991 appears rooted in a belief that all regulation is inherently bad, Thiesen explained. But removing professional oversight risks creating a “race to the bottom” that could harm consumers and diminish Florida’s construction standards.

“If you don’t have building officials or contractors properly trained, you’re going to have outdated techniques, outdated standards, and substandard construction,” he said. “You’re also going to have delays, added costs, and diminished safety.”

How FSPA is Lobbying For The Industry

The FSPA isn’t taking these threats lightly. Along with their contract lobbying firm, Converge Public Strategies, FSPA is actively working in Tallahassee to oppose HB 991. They are urging contractors and concerned citizens alike to contact their representatives and senators to voice their opposition.

“We’ve been up there every week of session,” Thiesen said. “We’re working to whip the votes, educate lawmakers, and ensure they understand the real-world impact this bill would have on Florida’s construction industry.”

If the House passes HB 991, the battle will move to the Senate. However, Thiesen is cautiously optimistic that the Senate will reject the bill, especially given that the language has not been heard in any Senate policy committees — a highly unusual and nonstandard move.

“The Senate usually requires that language be vetted by a policy committee before it gets to the floor,” Thiesen explained. “We’re working hard to make sure they don’t take it up.”

As the legislative session races toward its conclusion, FSPA continues to rally the Florida pool industry and beyond to protect the high standards that have made Florida a leader in pool construction and safety.

“Education matters. Standards matter. Consumer protection matters,” Thiesen said. “We can’t afford to let these critical safeguards be stripped away.”

Pool Magazine will continue to monitor these developments closely and urges all pool professionals and industry stakeholders in Florida to stay informed, stay involved, and make their voices heard.

Important Resource: Find My Representative

Ready to take a deeper dive?

Listen to our entire conversation with Dallas Thiesen, Chief Government Relations Officer with the FSPA on the Pool Magazine Podcast.

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Pool News

Florida Pool Industry Pushes Back Against Controversial Bill Amendment

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Florida Pool Industry Pushes Back Against Controversial Bill Amendment

A controversial amendment to SB 712 prompted swift backlash from the Florida pool industry, uniting contractors and trade associations in defense of licensure standards that have long safeguarded public safety and construction quality.

Originally intended to preempt local regulations around artificial turf, SB 712 became the target vehicle for unrelated construction amendments after other regulatory bills stalled in committee. On April 14, 2025, a last-minute amendment introduced new language in Section 6 of the bill, expanding the current general contractor exemption for swimming pool structural work to include “pool wet deck” areas—and, more significantly, extending that exemption to building contractors for the first time.

The proposed revision to Florida Statute 489.113(3)(c) would have allowed both general and building contractors to bypass subcontracting to licensed pool professionals when constructing critical wet deck zones—the four-foot perimeter around the waterline that includes handrails, ladders, diving boards, and other essential pool features. The scope of work for both general and building contractors is outlined in F.S. Sec. 489.105(3)(a) and (b), respectively.

This exception is generally understood to be in place to allow for General Contractors and Swimming Pool and Spa Contractors (F.S. Sec. 489.105(3)(j),(k), & (l)) on projects the construction of a swimming pool is going to be part of a larger project or integral to the primary construction activities. Generally, this is going to take the form of commercial development (condos, apartments, hotels, etc.) but also show up in tract residential development where a General Contractor is acting in the role of a developer and putting buyers under contract for a house and pool at the same time and working with pool builders to perform the pool and home construction at the together. 

The amendment to SB 712 expanded this exception to pool wet decks and extended the exception to Building Contractors. That language reads as follows:

(c) A general or building contractor may shall not be required to subcontract structural swimming pool or pool wet deck area work. All other swimming pool work must shall be subcontracted to an appropriately licensed certified or registered swimming pool contractor.For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “pool wet deck area” means the 4-foot-wide unobstructed pool deck area around the outside of the pool water perimeter, curb, ladders, handrails, diving boards, diving towers, pool slides, waterfalls, water features, starting 302 blocks, planters, or lifeguard chairs.

Following the amendment to SB 712, a matching amendment was filed to HB 683, the House companion bill to SB 712. It is important to note that the Section 6 language was not found in any previously filed bills in the 2025 Florida Legislative Session and was only field for the first time last week in these amendments. The language seems to be being pushed by a single Representative in the Florida House with no apparent constituency.

Industry leaders saw the amendment as a threat to established standards. Joe Trusty, Editor-in-Chief of Pool Magazine and member of Forbes Business Council, responded in an open letter:

“This legislative expansion introduces a slippery slope: by allowing general and building contractors—who may not possess the specific experience or education required to construct and waterproof pool shells or build critical wet deck zones without subcontracting to licensed pool contractors—we risk eroding the professional standards that the industry has worked for decades to establish.”

Trusty emphasized the consumer risk involved:

“Lowering the threshold for who can perform this work may open the door to inconsistent quality, code violations, and even unsafe installations. At a time when demand for pools remains strong and the need for accountability is more crucial than ever, loosening requirements sends the wrong message.”

Pool Magazine Letter on SB 712 on Scribd

Deidre Bedford, President of the Florida Swimming Pool Association (FSPA), echoed those concerns ahead of the Senate Rules Committee hearing.

“FSPA is going to Tallahassee to fight the good fight—again,” said Bedford. “This bill undermines the purpose of professional licensing and the protections it affords consumers. It allows contractors without specialized training to build highly specialized products that our customers interact with on a daily basis.”

FSPA’s Chief Government Relations Officer, Dallas Thiesen, added:

“This isn’t about restricting who can build. It’s about ensuring those who build pools know what they’re doing. When you start letting anyone build a pool structure without understanding the necessary slope, drainage, bonding, or barrier codes, you’re potentially setting homeowners up for failure—or worse, danger.”

The provision had never appeared in any previously filed legislation during the 2025 session and was seen by many as a last-ditch attempt to slip construction-related language into a bill that had already cleared a different committee path.

Despite the short notice, the industry mobilized quickly. By close of business Friday, FSPA had over 75 professionals signed up to attend the Senate Rules hearing.

That effort paid off. The Senate Rules Committee met on April 21, 2025 and adopted an amendment to remove the controversial Section 6 language from SB 712. A corresponding floor amendment was also filed for HB 683, the House companion bill, to strike the same language.

The scope-of-work expansion for general and building contractors is no longer part of SB 712. The bill will move forward to the Senate floor without the amendment—a hard-earned win for Florida’s licensed pool and spa professionals.

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